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John Chrysostom · 390 · Sermon
John Chrysostom's homilies on the Gospel of Matthew represent a landmark achievement in early Christian biblical commentary, delivered as sermons to his congregation in Antioch around 390. These ninety homilies emerged from…
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John Chrysostom · 390–407 · Commentary
John Chrysostom's homilies on the Pauline epistles represent the culmination of his biblical preaching ministry during his tenure as Archbishop of Constantinople from 397 to 407. These verse-by-verse expositions emerged from his…
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Nilus of Sinai · 390–430 · Letter
The letters of Nilus of Sinai emerge from the monastic communities of the early fifth century, when the desert fathers' movement had matured beyond its initial ascetic fervor into a more structured…
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Jerome · 390 · Other
For readers of the desert fathers: the life of the monk who brought Antony's way of life to Gaza, with its miracles and its restless travels; longer and more episodic than the Life of Paul.
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Ambrose of Milan · 390–391 · Treatise
De Sacramentis is a collection of six homilies delivered by Ambrose of Milan to newly baptized Christians during Easter week, likely between 390 and 391. These mystagogical sermons were part of the…
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Paulinus of Nola · 390–431 · Poem
The Carmina of Paulinus of Nola comprise thirty-three surviving poems written over four decades of Christian life, from his conversion around 390 until his death in 431. Paulinus, born into Roman aristocracy…
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Sulpicius Severus · 390–420 · Book
Sulpitius Severus was a fourth-century Gallic aristocrat who abandoned his legal career and wealth to embrace monastic life after his wife's death. Writing between 390 and 420, he produced three major works…
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John Chrysostom · 391 · Sermon
John Chrysostom's thirty-two homilies on Paul's letter to the Romans represent the most sustained biblical exposition from Christianity's greatest preacher. Delivered in Antioch around 391, these sermons emerged from Chrysostom's regular practice…
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Jerome · 391 · Treatise
For readers who liked the Life of Paul: a short captivity story told by its subject, a monk carried off by Saracens; Jerome's most novel-like page.
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Sermons on Scripture Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament
Augustine of Hippo · 391–430 · Sermon
Augustine's Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament preserves nearly four decades of his preaching ministry as Bishop of Hippo, delivered to congregations across North Africa from his episcopal consecration in…
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Jerome · 392 · Treatise
For anyone who wants a map of Christian writing to 392 from someone who had read it: 135 short notices from Peter to Jerome himself; the first history of Christian literature, and a working reference still.
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Prudentius · 392–405 · Poem
Aurelius Prudentius Clemens stands as the greatest Christian poet of late antiquity, writing in the final decades of the fourth and early fifth centuries as the Roman Empire underwent profound transformation. His…
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Jerome · 393 · Treatise
For students of early Christian views of marriage, virginity and fasting, and of the classical learning Jerome marshals for them; two long books, the first notorious for its low view of marriage.
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Letters Letters of Paulinus of Nola
Paulinus of Nola · 394–431 · Letter
The letters of Paulinus of Nola span nearly four decades of correspondence from 394 to 431 CE, documenting one of the most remarkable spiritual journeys in early Christian history. Born into Roman…
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Augustine of Hippo · 396–426 · Treatise
Augustine's On Christian Doctrine emerged from the practical needs of fourth and fifth-century Christian preachers and teachers who lacked systematic guidance for interpreting Scripture and communicating its truths effectively. Writing over three…
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Augustine of Hippo · 397–398 · Treatise
Augustine's Contra Faustum Manichaeum stands as his most comprehensive refutation of Manichaeism, the dualistic religion he had embraced for nine years before his conversion to Christianity. Written between 397 and 398, this…
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Augustine of Hippo · 397–400 · Book
The Confessions stands as the first true autobiography in Western literature and one of Christianity's most influential works of spiritual formation. Written between 397 and 400 by Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, this…
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Rufinus of Aquileia · 397–410 · Treatise
This preface introduces Rufinus of Aquileia's Latin translation of Origen's great systematic work On First Principles, completed between 397 and 410. The translation project emerged during the fierce Origenist controversies that divided…
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Jerome · 397 · Treatise
For students of the Origenist controversy: Jerome's attack on his own bishop, John of Jerusalem, over Origen's teaching and the resurrection of the body; polemic, with a clear statement of what he held about the resurrection.
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Augustine of Hippo · 399–419 · Book
Augustine's monumental theological treatise emerged from the doctrinal controversies that wracked the early church in the decades following the Council of Nicaea. Writing over twenty years beginning around 399, the Bishop of…
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Jerome · 401–402 · Treatise
For students of the Origenist controversy and of the breaking of a friendship: three books answering Rufinus's Apology, defending Jerome's own use of Origen and his translation methods; angry, autobiographical, revealing.
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Rufinus of Aquileia · 402–410 · Book
Rufinus of Aquileia's Historia Ecclesiastica emerged from his ambitious project to make Eusebius of Caesarea's foundational church history accessible to Latin readers while extending its narrative into his own era. Writing between…
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Augustine of Hippo · 405 · Treatise
Augustine wrote this practical manual on Christian instruction around 405 in response to a request from Deogratias, a deacon in Carthage who had grown discouraged in his catechetical work. Deogratias complained that…
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Jerome · 406 · Treatise
For readers interested in the cult of relics, vigils and clerical celibacy as they stood around 400, and in Jerome at his most abusive; written in one night and short.
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