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Peter Damian · 1050–1060 · Treatise
Peter Damian's "De Laude Flagellorum" (In Praise of Flagellation) emerged from the reformist monastery of Fonte Avellana in the mid-eleventh century, where Damian served as prior. Written during a period of intense…
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Paris Psalter Paris Psalter Old English Version
Anonymous; prose once attributed to Alfred · 1050 · Scripture
The Paris Psalter is an important Old English Psalter, so called from the manuscript in which it survives, that presents the Psalms in two forms: a prose translation of the opening portion…
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Lanfranc of Bec · 1059–1079 · Treatise
De Corpore et Sanguine Domini is Lanfranc of Bec's theological treatise defending the doctrine of the real presence in the Eucharist against the challenges posed by Berengar of Tours. Written between 1059…
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Peter Damian · 1063 · Treatise
Dominus Vobiscum is Peter Damian's theological treatise defending the validity of solitary prayer and worship, written in 1063 to address controversies surrounding hermit life and communal worship requirements. The Camaldolese reformer composed…
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Peter Damian · 1067 · Treatise
Peter Damian's "On Divine Omnipotence" emerged from an eleventh-century dispute over whether God could restore virginity to those who had lost it. Written in 1067 as a letter to the monk Desiderius,…
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Lanfranc of Bec · 1070–1089 · Commentary
Lanfranc of Bec's commentary on the Pauline epistles emerged from the intellectual revival of eleventh-century monasticism, when the future Archbishop of Canterbury was establishing Bec as one of Europe's premier centers of…
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Lanfranc of Bec · 1070–1089 · Other
The Decreta pro Ordine Sancti Benedicti represents Lanfranc of Bec's comprehensive elaboration of the Rule of Saint Benedict for the reformed monasteries of Norman England. Written during his tenure as Archbishop of…
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1070–1109 · Letter
For readers interested in Anselm as monk, friend and archbishop, and in the investiture quarrel with the English kings; the free English is only a selection.
FreeOriginal languageModerate
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1070–1080 · Other
For readers who want Anselm at prayer: meditations and prayers for private reading, written to stir the reader to compunction and love.
FreeOriginal languageModerate
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1076 · Treatise
For readers of philosophy and doctrine who want the reasoned path from goodness to the Trinity, argued without appeal to Scripture; longer and more abstract than the Proslogion, which is the better start.
Read hereFreeOriginal languageHard
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Lanfranc of Bec · 1077 · Other
Lanfranc's Constitutiones emerged from the practical challenges of reforming English monastic life in the decades following the Norman Conquest. As Archbishop of Canterbury under William the Conqueror, Lanfranc drew upon his earlier…
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1078 · Treatise
For anyone curious about the ontological argument, or about prayer that thinks: a short address to God, "faith seeking understanding", in which the famous proof stands in chapters 2 to 4.
Read hereFreeOriginal languageDemanding
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Reply to Gaunilo Liber Apologeticus contra Gaunilonem
Anselm of Canterbury · 1078–1079 · Treatise
For readers of the Proslogion who want the first debate over its argument: Gaunilo's 'lost island' objection and Anselm's answer, read together.
Read hereFreeOriginal languageHard
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1080 · Treatise
For students of medieval philosophy and theology: a dialogue on what free choice is, defined as the power to keep rightness of will for its own sake.
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1080–1085 · Treatise
For students of medieval logic: a dialogue on how a word like "grammarian" signifies, a quality and a substance at once; a teaching exercise rather than devotional reading.
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1080 · Treatise
For students of medieval philosophy: a dialogue defining truth as rightness perceptible by the mind alone, the first of three companion dialogues.
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1085 · Treatise
For students of medieval philosophy and theology: a dialogue on why the devil fell, and on evil as the absence of a justice that was given and abandoned.
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1094 · Treatise
For students of medieval theology: a letter to Pope Urban II answering the claim, attributed to Roscelin, that the three divine persons are three things.
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1094–1098 · Treatise
For readers who want the classic case for why God became man, set out as a dialogue with his pupil Boso; the source of the satisfaction account of the atonement.
Read hereFreeAudioOriginal languageHard
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1099 · Treatise
For students of theology: a sequel to Cur Deus Homo on how Christ was conceived of a virgin without original sin, and on what original sin is.
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1102 · Treatise
For students of the East-West controversy: his defence of the Filioque, written up from what he argued before the Greek bishops at the Council of Bari in 1098.
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1106–1107 · Letter
For students of liturgy and church history: a short letter on differences between churches in sacramental practice, and which of them matter.
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1106–1107 · Letter
For students of the East-West controversy: a short letter on whether the Eucharist may be offered with unleavened bread, as the Latins did, or must be leavened, as the Greeks held.
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Anselm of Canterbury · 1107 · Treatise
For students of theology and philosophy: his last treatise, on how free choice can stand with God's foreknowledge, predestination and grace.
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