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Jerome · 410–414 · Commentary
For students of Jerome's last years: fourteen books begun as the news of Rome's sack arrived in 410, whose prefaces record the shock; Latin only, the modern English (Scheck) being in copyright.
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Cyril of Alexandria · 410–444 · Letter
The letters of Cyril of Alexandria emerge from the theological storms of the early fifth century, when the church wrestled with fundamental questions about the nature of Christ. As patriarch of Alexandria…
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Cyril of Alexandria · 412–420 · Commentary
Cyril of Alexandria's Commentary on Isaiah represents one of the most sophisticated examples of early fifth-century biblical exegesis, written during his tenure as Patriarch of Alexandria between 412 and 420. The work…
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Commentary on Luke Select Letters and Commentary on Luke
Cyril of Alexandria · 412–444 · Other
Cyril of Alexandria's Select Letters and Commentary on Luke emerged from two distinct but related contexts in the early fifth century. His letters addressed the Christological controversies that would culminate at the…
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Letters Letters (NPNF2-14)
Cyril of Alexandria · 412–444 · Letter
Cyril of Alexandria's letters emerge from the most turbulent theological controversy of the fifth century — the battle over Nestorianism that would reshape Christian understanding of the incarnation. Writing as Patriarch of…
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Jerome · 414–420 · Commentary
Jerome's commentary on the prophet Jeremiah represents one of the mature achievements of his exegetical career, written during his final years in Bethlehem between 414 and 420. Composed amid the upheaval of…
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Orosius · 414 · Treatise
This treatise represents Orosius's contribution to the theological controversies that shook the early fifth-century church, written in 414 during his stay in Palestine. The Spanish priest and historian composed this "memorandum" on…
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Orosius · 415 · Treatise
Paulus Orosius wrote this apologetical treatise in 415 as a defense against accusations of heresy leveled at him by Spanish bishops. The young priest had traveled from his native Iberia to North…
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Cyril of Alexandria · 415–420 · Commentary
Cyril of Alexandria's Commentary on the Twelve Prophets emerged from his pastoral work as Archbishop of Alexandria during the early fifth century, when the church faced mounting theological controversies and needed clear…
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Jerome · 415 · Treatise
For students of the Pelagian controversy from the Eastern side: three books of dialogue between Atticus and Critobulus on sinlessness, free will and grace, written the year Pelagius was tried in Palestine; Jerome's last major work.
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Cyril of Alexandria · 415–420 · Treatise
Cyril of Alexandria's On Adoration in Spirit and in Truth emerged from the theological ferment of early fifth-century Christianity, when the Church was working to articulate how the incarnation of Christ transformed…
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Orosius · 416–418 · Book
Paulus Orosius wrote his Seven Books of History Against the Pagans between 416 and 418 at the request of Augustine of Hippo, who sought a comprehensive historical work to support his arguments…
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John Cassian · 419–426 · Treatise
The Collationes, or Conferences, records John Cassian's conversations with the desert fathers of Egypt during his extended sojourn there in the late fourth and early fifth centuries. Writing for the monastic communities…
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John Cassian · 420–429 · Treatise
John Cassian's Conferences emerged from his extraordinary journey through the monasteries of Egypt and Palestine in the late fourth century, where he encountered the great abbas of the desert and absorbed their…
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John Cassian · 420–429 · Treatise
John Cassian wrote this foundational treatise on monastic life between 420 and 429, drawing upon his extensive travels through the monasteries of Egypt, Palestine, and Constantinople. Having spent years learning from the…
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John Cassian · 420–429 · Treatise
John Cassian's Institutes stands as the first systematic treatment of monastic life written for Western Christianity. Composed in the 420s at the request of Bishop Castor of Apt, this twelve-book treatise emerged…
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Cyril of Alexandria · 420–425 · Treatise
The Thesaurus on the Holy and Consubstantial Trinity stands as Cyril of Alexandria's systematic defense of Nicene orthodoxy against the resurgent Arianism of his era. Written in the early fifth century as…
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Cyril of Alexandria · 422–424 · Treatise
Against Julian stands as Cyril of Alexandria's massive refutation of Emperor Julian's three-volume work Against the Galileans, written decades after the apostate emperor's death in 363. Julian had marshaled philosophical, historical, and…
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Cyril of Alexandria · 425–444 · Commentary
Cyril of Alexandria's Commentary on John emerged from the heated christological controversies of the early fifth century, particularly his prolonged conflict with Nestorius over the nature of Christ's person. Writing between 425…
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Augustine of Hippo · 426 · Treatise
Augustine's treatise on grace and free will emerged from urgent pastoral concerns in his African diocese around 426, as monks in the monastery at Hadrumetum had fallen into confusion and controversy after…
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Augustine of Hippo · 426–427 · Book
Near the end of his life, Augustine of Hippo undertook an extraordinary project of intellectual and spiritual humility. The Retractationes, completed around 426-427, represents the aging bishop's systematic review of his entire…
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Prosper of Aquitaine · 428–431 · Treatise
Prosper of Aquitaine's treatise on grace and free will emerged from the theological controversies that erupted in southern Gaul following Augustine's death in 430. As disputes over predestination and grace intensified among…
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Cyril of Alexandria · 429–431 · Treatise
Cyril of Alexandria's "Against Nestorius" emerged from one of the most consequential theological controversies of the fifth century. When Nestorius became Patriarch of Constantinople in 428, his teaching that Christ consisted of…
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Prosper of Aquitaine · 429 · Poem
The Carmen de ingratis stands as one of the most sophisticated theological poems of the fifth century, written by Prosper of Aquitaine in 429 during the height of the Semi-Pelagian controversy. Prosper…
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