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Joseph Hall · 1612 · Commentary
Joseph Hall's Contemplations represents one of the earliest and most influential works of devotional biblical commentary in the English Reformed tradition. Writing as Bishop of Exeter during the flowering of Anglican theological…
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Lewis Bayly · 1612 · Book
Lewis Bayly's "The Practice of Piety" emerged from the author's pastoral concerns as Bishop of Bangor in early seventeenth-century Wales. Written for ordinary Christians seeking practical guidance in devotional life, this manual…
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John Donne · 1624 · Treatise
John Donne's "Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions" emerged from a near-fatal illness that struck the poet and dean of St. Paul's Cathedral in late 1623. During his convalescence, Donne composed this series of…
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Hugo Grotius · 1625 · Treatise
Hugo Grotius composed this foundational treatise on the law of war and peace while in exile from the Dutch Republic, completing it in 1625 during a period of intense religious and political…
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Hugo Grotius · 1627 · Treatise
Hugo Grotius wrote this systematic defense of Christianity in 1627 while serving as Sweden's ambassador to France, having fled the Dutch Republic following his imprisonment and dramatic escape during the religious and…
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Jacobus Arminius · 1629 · Book
The Opera Theologica represents the collected theological writings of Jacobus Arminius, published posthumously in 1629, nine years after the Synod of Dort had condemned his teachings. This comprehensive collection emerged from the…
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Jacobus Arminius · 1629–1875 · Other
The collected works of Jacobus Arminius preserve the theological writings of the Dutch Reformed pastor and professor who became the reluctant namesake of Arminianism. Writing in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth…
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Richard Sibbes · 1630 · Book
Richard Sibbes wrote The Bruised Reed as a series of sermons delivered at Gray's Inn Chapel in London, where he ministered to lawyers and students during the early decades of the seventeenth…
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Letters The Letters of Samuel Rutherford
Samuel Rutherford · 1630–1661 · Letter
Samuel Rutherford's letters emerged from the crucible of seventeenth-century Scottish religious and political upheaval. Written between 1630 and 1661, these intimate correspondences flowed from his pen during periods of exile, pastoral ministry,…
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Temple The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations
George Herbert · 1633 · Poem
The Temple stands as one of the most influential collections of devotional poetry in the English language, written by George Herbert during his brief tenure as rector of Bemerton near Salisbury in…
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Thomas Goodwin · 1636 · Treatise
Thomas Goodwin wrote this treatise in 1636 to address the spiritual struggles of believers who find themselves in seasons of doubt and spiritual dryness despite their genuine faith. As one of the…
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Thomas Goodwin · 1636 · Treatise
Thomas Goodwin's "The Return of Prayers" emerges from the fertile theological soil of seventeenth-century English Puritanism, written when Goodwin was establishing himself as one of the movement's most penetrating minds. This treatise…
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Thomas Goodwin · 1642 · Treatise
Thomas Goodwin's "Christ Set Forth" emerged from his pastoral concern to present the person and work of Jesus Christ with both doctrinal precision and devotional warmth. Writing during the tumultuous years of…
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Samuel Rutherford · 1644 · Treatise
Samuel Rutherford's treatise emerged from the heated ecclesiastical debates of the 1640s, as the Westminster Assembly deliberated the proper government of the English church and Scottish Presbyterians defended their system against both…
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Samuel Rutherford · 1644 · Treatise
Lex, Rex emerged from the constitutional crisis that engulfed Britain in the 1640s, as Parliament and King Charles I moved toward civil war over the fundamental question of political authority. Samuel Rutherford,…
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Samuel Rutherford · 1646 · Treatise
Samuel Rutherford's treatise emerged from the turbulent ecclesiastical controversies of 1640s Scotland, when questions of church government and authority reached fever pitch during the Westminster Assembly debates. Writing as a Scottish Presbyterian…
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John Owen · 1647 · Treatise
John Owen wrote this exhaustive theological treatise in 1647 as a systematic defense of particular redemption, the doctrine that Christ died specifically for the elect rather than for all humanity without exception.…
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Joseph Hall · 1647 · Treatise
Joseph Hall's "Hard Measure" emerged from his experience of imprisonment and persecution during the English Civil War. Writing as the deposed Bishop of Norwich, Hall composed this treatise while confined to the…
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Samuel Rutherford · 1649 · Treatise
Samuel Rutherford's "A Free Disputation Against Pretended Liberty of Conscience" emerged from the theological and political upheavals of mid-seventeenth-century Britain, when questions of religious tolerance and state authority reached fever pitch. Written…
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Jeremy Taylor · 1650 · Book
Jeremy Taylor's Holy Living and Holy Dying emerged from the collapse of the Anglican establishment during England's civil wars. Writing in 1650 and 1651 while serving as a chaplain in Wales, Taylor…
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Jeremy Taylor · 1650 · Treatise
Jeremy Taylor's treatise on Christian conduct emerged from the upheaval of the English Civil War, when traditional ecclesiastical structures lay in ruins and believers found themselves without reliable pastoral guidance. Writing as…
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Jeremy Taylor · 1651 · Treatise
Jeremy Taylor's treatise on the art of dying well emerged from the devastation of the English Civil War, when death surrounded the Anglican chaplain daily and traditional consolations had been stripped away.…
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George Herbert · 1652 · Treatise
George Herbert's A Priest to the Temple stands as one of the most influential guides to pastoral ministry in the Anglican tradition. Written during Herbert's brief tenure as rector of Bemerton in…
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Thoughts Thoughts, Letters, and Minor Works
Blaise Pascal · 1654–1662 · Other
This collection gathers the fragmentary spiritual writings of Blaise Pascal, the brilliant mathematician and physicist who underwent a profound religious conversion in 1654. Following what he called his "night of fire" —…
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